I am an Anglican in a diocese mostly conservative evangelical in its theological outlook. This makes me feel I am an outsider propounding ideas from radical, liberal, liberation, progressive, postmodern and deconstructivist theology. The ideas I espouse have been described as prophetic: yes, not pathetic, although the latter description is on the lips of some of my fellow Anglicans. So be it.
This article contains little, probably nothing that is original. It is commentary and observation. It is emphasised that I am not a theologian, my discipline is law, although I did manage to scrape a diploma in theology awarded by a prestigious university.
From my early days as a secondary school pupil, through university and various employments I have never been an ‘establishment supporter’. My cynicism runs deep and has affected/infected my theological, legal ,economic, social and political opinions.
I choose to seek to follow in the way of Jesus, to follow and apply his teaching, to follow and act like him: above all to live out his statement to love our neighbour. In other words how I relate and with others to the principle of love, to the concept of inclusion, to the elimination of poverty. I have no desire to follow church doctrine, dogma, or tradition, or be bound by literal interpretation of scripture.
The life, teaching and actions attributed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels are the product of multiple edits of material, mostly oral tradition. They are an human construct: not given or inspired by an unknown metaphysical 'entity'. They act as a guide to assist us on our journey to treat all people equally: they are not a user manual to be pored over and applied literally.
To follow Jesus in word and deed requires an individual to think and engage in actions motivated by loving-kindness. Loving-kindness is not an attribute only of Christians: it is recognisable in other faiths and in individuals of a secular disposition. Loving-kindness is unconditional love rooted in the concept of the interconnectedness of all people. As a concept it is closely related to love your neighbour and the Golden Rule: treat others as you would want to be treated. It is an attitude of mind that translates into action: to assist individuals at point of need and to campaign for social justice. Christians do not have a monopoly of the principle 'love your neighbour'. Worldwide similar expressions of desired behaviour are to be found in a broad range of faiths, as well as in the secular world. The Golden Rule, promotes a high standard of ethical behaviour. It is a consequence of my background, experience etc that I approach the Golden Rule from a Christian perspective.
There was a period when I was divorced, penniless, homeless, unemployed and lonely. The effect on me was one of despondency bordering on depression. Live for today and dread what tomorrow might bring. This experience brought home to me the inadeqacy, indeed downright failure, of the statutory sector to provide meaningful assistance at my point of need. Also it highlighted the importance of systemic change to overcome the social injustice ruining the lives of so many individuals. The help I did receive came from the voluntary sector, from secular and faith charities, importantly from individuals working on a paid or voluntary basis for these organisations.
During this time I witnessed, indeed was a member of, a community in an area of multiple deprivation. Poor housing, sink schools, inadequate health facllities, woeful public transport, and grinding poverty, all with no hope of improvement. My response initially was to engage in local politics. However it was obvious very quickly that local government moves very slowly and is constrained severely by central government fiscal, economic and social policies.
It was at this juncture I became involved with an umbrella church organisation promoting social responsibility. Over a long period the organisation supported faith groups engaged in meeting the immediate needs of individuals: food, shelter, clothing, debt advice, as well as campaigning for a credit union and engaging in the development of the local community plan. The activities of the organisation were underpinned by the theological imperative to love your neighbour and reference to Old and New Testament verses expressing the necessity of helping people at point of need and also for systemic change to achieve social justice.
My current thinking has ingredients from inter alia, humanism, existentialism, postmodernism, radical, liberal, progressive, liberation and deconstructivist theology. I describe it as a melange (or should it read 'mess'?). My ideas are influenced by non theological factors. Politically I subscribe to democratic socialism. Earlier I referred to my chaotic personal life of many years ago: divorce, destitution, sofa-surfing homelessness, and unemployment: all concurrently. These experiences still deeply influence my actions and my political and theological opinions.
We should escape from a theological silo mentality by seeking to understand interactions between religion, politics, economics, sociology, ethics, law, environment etc. Theology should not be about doctrine, dogma creeds and biblical interpretation to the exclusion of understanding and application of said to the realities of life for individuals, a reality shaped by myriad factors. We can apply theological ideas without recourse, reliance, or reference to scripture interpretation, church doctrine, dogma or creeds. We do not need guardians, sentries or gatekeepers of church or academia to understand and apply our theological ideas. It is for us, and us alone, to determine the relationship of theological concepts to our own lives and how our lives affect our theology. The relationship is symbiotic. It must be remembered that our lives are shaped by our experience, reason, tradition, relationships, work, poverty, family, political opinions etc and these factors impinge of our thoughts and actions, theological and otherwise, in many instances being what Oliver Wendell Holmes called inarticulate major premises.
If there is an entity we name as 'God' it is beyond human imagination, incapable of definition or description or symbolism. Judaic and christian scripture perceives God as being transcendent, supernatural, metaphysical and anthropomorphic. Human supposition is opinion, not fact. The scriptures are not the divine outpourings of God. Marcus J Borg states it well:
'I let go of the notion that the Bible is a divine product. I learned that it is a human cultural product, the product of two ancient communities, biblical Israel and early Christianity. As such, it contained their understandings and affirmations, statements not coming directly or somewhat directly from God.....I realised that whatever "divine revelation" and the "inspiration of the Bible" meant (if they meant anything), they did not mean that the Bible was a divine product with divine authority.'
Colin Coward expresses brilliantly how the gospels came into being, how they are used by the Church of England and argues for fundamental change in attitude:
'Reflecting on the Holy Week and Easter stories over the past weekend, I have done so not thinking or believing that the Gospels are verbatim accounts given by, let alone written by those who witnessed these events. They are edited and re-edited stories based on oral accounts that had been told and retold and embroidered by the Jesus-followers, the first witnesses, the early Christian gatherings, and those who subsequently joined the Jesus-centred communities. To the oral accounts that formed the basis of the Gospels were added stories told to and re-told and experienced and embroidered by Paul (with the help of Luke).
Belief is a dilemma for me because I do not believe in what is rehearsed in church every Sunday and maintained by the authority of the institution as adequately representing an adequate vision of the Jesus who transforms life and culture. The Gospels and Acts and the history books of the Hebrew scriptures are not accurate, historical accounts of the events and lives they describe. History never is accurate but always a personal view and interpretation. The contemporary “traditional, orthodox, Biblical” ways of our religious systems do not, for me, embrace the essence and heart of Jesus’ life and teachings. We live with ideas about God and Jesus and the Holy Spirit that are human interpretations of Jesus’ teachings and essence. All knowledge is developed and communicated through the medium of human understanding. Any distortion or misunderstanding of the teachings of Jesus is the result of human failure to comprehend. Throughout my life I have been trying to disentangle the ingredients of distortion and error from healthier wisdom and truth, trying to be more aware of and recapture and synthesise the essence of a holy, sacred, incarnated transformational wisdom that helps us embrace the essence of life in all its fulness.
Whether we are aware or not, all of us are dealing with myths and the development of human interpretations and teachings and corruptions of the divine human we worship as Son of God.
We continue to have great difficulty in distinguishing the unhealthy divine attributions that are fundamental corruptions of Jesus’ life and teachings from the Jesus’ essence that is the catalyst for healthy, creative consciousness that make life in all its fulness into real presence.'
It really does not matter if Jesus was an actual person. What does matter is the principle of love and how we in the twenty-first century CE interpret that principle for the future. Of course the Sermon on the Mount and the parables assist us in our understanding and application of the corpus of statements attributed to Jesus. Borg puts it well:
'Properly understood the Bible is a potential ally to the progressive Christian passion for transformation of ourselves and the world. It is our great heritage. Along with Jesus, to whom it is subordinate, it is our greatest treasure.'
God it is beyond description, it is of our imagination and searching for explanation of how the universe came into existence, what it is and our place in it. Humanity's enquiry has elicited some understanding of the universe but can we comprehend its vastness? I cannot even begin to provide an answer to the God question. I know my mortality: soon enough I shall die, and then what?
My understanding of what it means to hold to Christian belief has moved away from unquestioning acceptance of church creeds, doctrine and dogma. I do not regard scripture as literally the word of God, nor the result of God's inspiration, and therefore not to be challenged. Scripture, creeds, doctrine and dogma are human creations in their entireties and not the result of activity by metaphysical or anthropomorphic sources.
The bible is not a statement of rules set out by an omnipresent god 'out there' that have to be followed if we are to receive the reward of eternal life. It sets out the ideas of authors over 2000 years ago. The world has moved on. Christian belief evolves: it is not set in stone by manuscripts written long ago. But we should not consign the bible to the scrapheap. It is a valuable source and resource of concepts. Yet we need to remember that it is of human origin and not to be cloaked with the veneer of the divine.
It is my perception that we have allowed ourselves to be hemmed in by church doctrine and dogma and by scripture. No matter what method of biblical interpretation is used: literal, liberal, historical, progressive etc, we permit our ideas to be contained and constrained within the parameters or envelope of scripture. It is as though our understanding of God's purpose is fixed in work composed in a distant past
Surely we can do better than be boxed in by the gatekeepers and guardians of 'the truth'? We can be inspired by concepts attributed by the authors of the synoptic gospels to a person we know as Jesus, but we need to appreciate that the concepts are subjective and capable of varied interpretations, not objective unchangeable 'truth'. Flexibility, not rigidity, is the order of the day.
You might think I am a humanist, or even an atheist, in expressing the opinions very briefly outlined above. I reject both appellations. It is my opinion that inherent within each of us is the power to love: to love our neighbour. So I argue love is God within us, it is our task to tease out what that means. Jesus points the way, but his is not the final nor only word. Our understanding of what it is to love should not be bound by adherence, however interpreted, to scripture. It is not a user manual. Yes, scripture may assist our use of reason, our understanding, and our actions; it must not be used to prescribe or proscribe how we apply the principle of love your neighbour.
The BCP states verses 52-53 as follows:
He hath put down the mighty from their seat: and exalted the humble and meek.
He hath filled the hungry with good things: and the rich he hath sent empty away.
Congregations say or sing these words, but do many understand the principles behind them? How do we, of fail to, apply them in the present to individuals and society? How do we understand them through the lens of love? We should understand them as an illustration of love by applying our intelligence and power of reason, not by a rigid, literal, limiting interpretion of individual words.
Don Cupitt expressed the following opinion:
You can't slip a knife between them If you love your fellow human being, you know God and are in God, whereas if you don't love, you don't know God. The word God doesn't designate a distinct metaphysical being; it is simply Love's name.
I do not claim to be a Christian. Rather, I seek to follow the teaching attributed to Jesus by the authors of the synoptic gospels. My reading of them is heavily influenced by postmodernism, with particular regard to the ideas formulated by Jacques Derrida.
The synoptic gospels were written many years after the death of Jesus. No tape-recorders or social media to record verbatim the words he spoke. Instead we have the mysterious 'Q' source, myths, stories, customs handed down from generation to generation to which has to be added the interpretation of this body of information by the authors and the purpose each of the them had in mind for the material. Not the firmest foundation on which to develop a theology based on the bible being the inerrant word of God, to be understood and applied literally.
To understand the reason why Jesus was crucified by the Roman authority in Palestine it is important to tease out why Jesus was perceived to be a political threat to the established order. Rome was an occupying power. It had no problem with conquered nations practicising there indigenous religion and customs, Roman law was the preserve of Roman citizens. However Rome would not countenance threats to its authority and this is precisely what Jesus was perceived as doing. On Palm Sunday Jesus rode into Jerusalem to wide acclaim: hosanna they cried. Here was an existential threat to Roman rule in Palestine, the long-awaited and prophesied servant of God, fomenting an uprising, who would bring about Jewish independence and sovereignty. The crime was sedition and crucifixion the penalty.
The Roman authority was aided and abetted by the Jewish religious leadership. Jesus had explained on numerous occasions the failure of religious leaders to apply concepts of love and justice as set out in Hebrew scripture. His elimination would dispose of a threat to their authority. Yes, Jesus was political, perceived to be a major threat to the stability of the political and religious establishments. He had to go.
There was a further factor in play: Jesus is portrayed by the synoptic gospel authors as having challenged economic and social orders, which of course, had political implications. Hebrew scripture has many exhortations relating to caring for the poor and for systemic change to achieve social justice. These themes continue in the synoptic gospels: the Sermon on the Mount, the Magnificat, the parables, the commandment to love your neighbour as yourself and following Jesus to bring heaven on earth. All were threats to the established faith, political and social orders and hierarchies. They had a political dimension as statements of the need for fundamental change in the ordering of society.
Those of us who have a progressive/liberation theology mindset take these teachings attributed to Jesus and seek to apply the concepts to today's societies. But, the danger is that we may take a patronising or paternalitic approach, we may act as gatekeepers or guardians of the 'truth'. In other words our approach often is deductive. Instead we need to take an inductive approach: ask the marginalised, poor and excluded what the teaching of Jesus means to them: not tell them what it means for them.
The concepts attributed to Jesus by the authors of the synoptic gospels draw on a rich vein of social concern to be discerned in Jewish scripture appropriated to Christianity as the Old Testament. It is concern for the poor, the marginalised, the discriminated against, the excluded. It is a call not only to help at point of need but also to change societal structures to overcome the issues. The teaching of Jesus is not a manual for applying a set of rules: it is a collection of broad principles capable of evolving and developing to meet the challenges of today's society.